29.03.2024

Women are less likely to receive CPR than men

Women are less likely than men to receive CPR from a bystander and more likely to die, a new study suggests. Researchers believe it might be down to a general reluctance to touch a woman’s chest and move clothing out of the way for better access.

Only 39 percent of women suffering cardiac arrest in a public place were given CPR versus 45 percent of men, and men were 23 percent more likely to survive, the study found.

It involved nearly 20,000 cases around the country and is the first to examine gender differences in receiving heart help from the public versus professional responders.

A study from the University of Pennsylvania suggests women are less likely than men to receive CPR by a bystander and reluctance to touch a women’s chest may be the reason

‘It can be kind of daunting thinking about pushing hard and fast on the center of a woman’s chest’ and some people may fear they are hurting her, said Audrey Blewer, a University of Pennsylvania researcher who led the study.

Rescuers also may worry about moving a woman’s clothing to get better access, or touching breasts to do CPR, but doing it properly ‘shouldn’t entail that,’ said another study leader, U Penn’s Dr. Benjamin Abella. ‘You put your hands on the sternum, which is the middle of the chest. In theory, you’re touching in between the breasts.’

The study was discussed Sunday at an American Heart Association conference in Anaheim.

Cardiac arrest occurs when the heart suddenly stops pumping, usually because of a rhythm problem. More than 350,000 Americans each year suffer one in settings other than a hospital. About 90 percent of them die, but CPR can double or triple survival odds.

‘This is not a time to be squeamish because it’s a life and death situation,’ Abella said.

Researchers had no information on rescuers or why they may have been less likely to help women. But no gender difference was seen in CPR rates for people who were stricken at home, where a rescuer is more likely to know the person needing help.

The findings suggest that CPR training may need to be improved. Even that may be subtly biased toward males — practice mannequins (they’re not called ‘woman-nequins’) are usually male torsos, Blewer said.

‘All of us are going to have to take a closer look at this’ gender issue, said the Mayo Clinic’s Dr. Roger White, who co-directs the paramedic program for the city of Rochester, Minnesota. He said he has long worried that large breasts may impede proper placement of defibrillator pads if women need a shock to restore normal heart rhythm.

The Heart Association and the National Institutes of Health funded the study.

Men did not have a gender advantage in a second study discussed on Sunday. It found the odds of suffering cardiac arrest during or soon after sex are very low, but higher for men than women.

Previous studies have looked at sex and heart attacks, but those are caused by a clot suddenly restricting blood flow, and people usually have time to get to a hospital and be treated, said Dr. Sumeet Chugh, a cardiologist at Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute in Los Angeles. He and other researchers wanted to know how sex affected the odds of cardiac arrest, a different problem that’s more often fatal.

They studied records on more than 4,500 cardiac arrests over 13 years in the Portland area. Only 34 were during or within an hour of having sex, and 32 of those were in men. Most already were on medicines for heart conditions, so their risk was elevated to start with.

‘It’s a very awkward situation, and a very horrifying situation to be one of the two people who survives,’ but more would survive if CPR rates were higher, Chugh said.

Results were published in the Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

HOW TO CARRY OUT CPR

If you witness a cardiac arrest, it’s crucial to call 999 and start CPR immediately. Here are the CPR steps as recommended by the British Heart Foundation.

Step 1: Shake and shout

Firstly check for a response

Firstly check for a response

If you come across someone who is unconscious, always check for danger and look for risks before you start helping.

Check for a response – gently shake the person’s shoulders and ask loudly ‘are you alright?’CPR demonstration of shaking and shouting for help

Shout for help – if someone is nearby, ask them to stay as you might need them. If you are alone, shout loudly to attract attention, but don’t leave the person.

Step 2: Check for normal breathing

Check the person for normal breathing

Check the person for normal breathing

Someone having a cardiac arrest won’t be breathing, or won’t be breathing normally. They also won’t be conscious.

Keeping their head back, check if the person is breathing normally by looking for:

  • Regular chest movements
  • Listening for breathing
  • Feeling for breath on your cheek

Look, listen and feel for no more than 10 seconds. Don’t confuse gasps with normal breathing. If you’re not sure if their breathing is normal, act as if it’s not normal.

If you’re sure the person is breathing normally, then put them in the recovery position and call 999.

If breathing isn’t normal, open their airway. Place one hand on the person’s forehead, gently tilt their head back, then lift their chin using two fingers of your other hand under their chin – when you do this you open their airway.

Step 3: Call 999
Call for an ambulance

If the person is not breathing or not breathing normally:CPR demonstration of calling 999

  • Ask someone to call 999 immediately and ask for an ambulance
  • Ask someone for a public access defibrillator (PAD).

If you can’t find anyone to help, call 999 before you start CPR.

Step 4: Give 30 chest compressions
Give chest compressions at 100 to 120 per minute

Kneel next to the person.

Place the heel of one hand in the centre of their chest. Place your other hand on top of the first. Interlock your fingers.

With straight arms, use the heel of your hand to push the breastbone down firmly and smoothly, so that the chest is pressed down between 5–6 cm, and release.

Do this at a rate of 100 to 120 chest compressions per minute – that’s around 2 per second.

Give 30 chest compressions.

Step 5: Give two rescue breaths
Give two breaths, pinching the nose

Open the airway again by tilting the head back and lifting the chin. Pinch the soft part of the person’s nose closed.

Take a normal breath, make a seal around their mouth and breathe out steadily.

The person’s chest should rise and fall. Keeping the person’s head back and the chin lifted, take your mouth away, take another normal breath, and give a second rescue breath. The two breaths should take no longer than five seconds.

Step 6: Repeat until an ambulance arrives

Repeat 30 compressions and two rescue breaths.

If you’d rather not give rescue breaths then call 999 and deliver hands-only CPR. That’s better than doing nothing.

Keep going until professional help arrives and takes over, or the person starts to show signs of regaining consciousness, such as coughing, opening their eyes, speaking, or breathing normally.

If you’re feeling tired, and there’s someone nearby to help, instruct them to continue.

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